The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, thrived around 2600 to 1900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. While the exact reasons for its decline remain uncertain, scholars have proposed several theories.
One hypothesis suggests that a shift in river patterns due to climate change caused droughts and floods, leading to agricultural challenges and ultimately the collapse of the civilization. Another theory suggests that the Indus River, which was crucial for trade and transportation, changed its course, disrupting the urban centers and trade networks. Internal factors, such as social or political unrest, have also been suggested. The absence of monumental architecture or evidence of large-scale warfare implies a gradual decline rather than a collapse. Some researchers argue that a combination of environmental factors, economic changes, and possibly invasions or migrations contributed to the end of the Harappan civilization. Despite its demise, the Harappan civilization left a lasting impact.
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